Hedging Essay - 1375 Words

Hedging (Essay Sample) Content: RUNNING HEAD: HEDGING 1NameInstitutionDateCurrency hedging can be defined as an act of engaging in financial contracts to provision against losses anticipated from deviations in currency exchange rates. It is a financial strategy used by investors or businesses to reduce the level of risk when performing transactions internationally. Currency hedging resembles an insurance policy put in place to reduce negative outcomes of foreign exchange risks. The concept attempts to minimize the exposure of an investor to unfavorable changes in money market. This is in an attempt to guarantee that a size-able return on investment can be obtained even though currency value falls.International trade has tremendously grown over time because of inventions of remarkable trading tools such as the internet. This has increased the transparency of trade in international markets. At the same time , international politics and economic factors have elevated uncertainties of foreign exchange rates. This has amplified international markets volatility and the need for currency hedging. Hedging ensures that entities have a growing concern even after contingencies occur due to fluctuations in foreign exchange rates. In hedging, investors seek to exchange currencies when their market value is still favorable. There are various forms of currency hedging that an international investor can use.Option hedging is the most common and widely used form of hedging. It is rated to be the best form of hedging by numerous investors across the globe. It can be characterized as a trading privilege transferred to the ownerCITATION DrK13 \l 1033 (McNew). This means that a trader can purchase or sell his assets in the future market at a specified price. Exchange-traded options were first used in 1937. Over the years, their popularity has tremendously increased. Some traders have been shy to use options out of believes that they are sophisticated and hard to understand. However, when used well, they have numerous advantages. First, they are cost efficient. Options give investors an immense leveraging power. An investor is able to control potential losses without creating a limit to potential gains.Options are also less risky depending on how they are utilized. Options do not require an intensive financial commitment unlike equities. A large proportion of operating capital is not tied up in hedging operations. They are also impervious to the potential negative effects of gap opening. Options are dependable, and thus safer than stocks. Options offer higher potential returns from a current investment than any other form of hedging. An investor can spend a small amount of funds in provisioning for risk, and obtain a profit which is almost equivalent to the invested amount. This translates into a high percentage of returns to an investor in terms of profits.When using options, a n investor has more strategic investment alternatives. This is because options are very flexible investment tools. Options can be committed to recreate synthetic positions. These positions are representations of investors who have multiple strategies to attain the same investment goals. Options can be extremely beneficial to investors if used wisely. However, they have several disadvantages. First, they cannot offer a full hedge in an investment. Their coverage is partial. At the same time, they can be subjected to basis risk. Options are only drafted for fixed or specified amounts and values. Thus they do not have much liquidity.The second form of a hedge, is hedging with future contracts. Future contracts in hedging entails the arrangements to purchase or retail assets at a specified time in the future at an agreed upon price. Unlike the forward contracts that are traded over the counter, future contacts are traded during an exchange (Tripathy, 2007, Pp.270). Investors use future contracts to reduce their exposure to risks and also limit the effects of fluctuations in prices to their trade. The goal of future contracts in hedging is to create a perfect offset to risk. Future trading is considered an effective strategy of hedging against volatility of commodities or assets involved. They are several merits of hedging through future contracts.First, an investor can easily create or declare ownership of assets. Future contracts facilitate simple and reasonable commission fees and plans which are low. They are able to maximize the profit margins and reduce risks when transacting with other equities and funds. The market liquidity when it comes to future contracts is high and readily available. Future contracts are vastly leveraged instruments of finance. They allow an investor to achieve a great deal of gains when only a small amount is invested. Positions while using future contracts can be easily reversed. This means that an investor is capable of opening long and short positions simultaneously.There are several detriments of using future contracts as a hedging strategy. Just like in option hedging, future contracts offer a partial coverage. Future contracts face basis risks which may set in due to imperfect hedging. For example, the issuer of a bond or a liability can default. Since future contracts have a low commission costs, they may encourage an investor to engage in more trades. This may lead to undesired over-trading. Future contracts are standardized products. This means that they are drafted for fixed amounts and specific terms. The other form of hedging is the use of forward contracts.Forward contracts are non-standardized treaties between two trading parties. They agree to either buy or sell assets at specified times at agreed upon prices. Forward contract do not require upfront payments like in option contracts (Kwok, 2008, Pp.21). There are several advantages of using forward contracts as hedging strategies. The principal me rit is that unlike in other forms of hedging, it offers a full or complete hedge. They can be customized to suit any amount or terms put in place. An investor who uses forward contracts can easily match them with the duration and cash size of the exposures. Forwards provide price protection. They are also easy to understand and use which makes them a preference by many international investors.Hedging with forward contracts has few detriments. First, the cash flow of an entity is affected. This is because most of the business capital is tied up in the investment until all contracts are settled. Just like in other forms of hedging, forward contracts can be subjected to default or credit risks (Kevin, 2006, Pp.239). Finding a counter party when using forward contracts can be challenging. An investor may also find it rather diffi...

Choosing a Business School

Image Segmentation Of Detection Of Lump Using Algorithm

â€Å" Image Segmentation Of Detection Of Lump Using Algorithm† Nikhil B Bhosle Bhagban J Choudhury Nilesh S Magam Project Guide:-J.P.Patil (bhosle.nikhila03@gmail.com) (bhagbanchoudhury18@gmail.com) (nil25may@gmail.com) (jeetoo.patil@gmail.com) Abstract— Tumor is a swelling of a part of the body, generally without inflammation, caused by an abnormal growth of cells it is also known as cancerous growth and uncontrol growth and they also have different treatment. This paper is to implement of few Algorithms for rooting out the distance and the shape of tumor in brain by using MRI Images. Usually result of this process can be viewed by first doing CT scan or by MRI scan. In this paper Magnetic Resonance Imaging scanned image is basically used for this whole procedure, For identifying purpose Magnetic Resonance Imaging scan is more accurate than any other scan it will never affect our human body reason for this is it doesn’t require any radiation It is centered on the magnetic field and radio waves. There are many types of algorithm which were developed to cure brain Tumor detection. But few of them have different drawbacks for extraction and detection process. After the segmentation process which has been taken by fuzzy c-means and k-means clustering by doing this process the detection and extraction location are identified. By differentiateShow MoreRelatedCrossing the Chasm76808 Words   |  308 Pagesopportunity to do that with future books, and I have enough respect for this one to try to stand off a bit. That being said, I did make a few significant exceptions. I eliminated the vii viii Preface to the Revised Edition section on using â€Å"thematic niches† as a legitimate tactic for crossing the chasm. It turns out instead they were a placeholder for the market tactics used during a merging hypergrowth market, a challenge covered in a subsequent book, Inside the Tornado. Also I haveRead MoreProject Mgmt296381 Words   |  1186 PagesDevelopmental editor: Gail Korosa Associate marketing manager: Jaime Halterman Project manager: Harvey Yep Production supervisor: Carol Bielski Designer: Mary Kazak Vander Photo researcher: Jeremy Cheshareck Media project manager: Cathy Tepper Cover image:  © Veer Images Typeface: 10.5/12 Times Roman Compositor: Aptara ®, Inc. Printer: Worldcolor Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Larson, Erik W., 1952Project management: the managerial process / Erik W. Larson, Clifford F. Gray. —5th ed. p. cm

Diseases In Florida Affecting Millions †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Diseases In Florida Affecting Millions? Answer: Introducation Diabetes is likely to be the worst epidemic in human history. In the past, people used to underestimate it as a global public health issue, but now the world can no longer ignore it. With the general issues of diabetes, diabetes mellitus is the chronic condition that affects the endocrine system. The primary characteristic of this disease is the presence of high levels of glucose within the blood stream which occurs due to either low level of insulin or resistance (Bagchi Sreejayan, 2012). Insulin is a type of a hormone that is produced by the buiness, and this hormone enters the bloodstream through specialized cells called beta cells to the (Bagchi Sreejayan, 2012). There are three different types of diabetes. One of them is diabetes type 1 which results from total lack of insulin. This diabetes is discoverable at childhood or during adolescent years. The study of (Rnningen, 2015) revealed that this diabetes has an autoimmune disorder that destroys the beta cells of the pancreas. Nevertheless, the work also showed that a proper administration of insulin could stop this destruction. The other type of diabetes known as diabetes type 2. According to (Psychoneuroimmunology, 2011), type 2 diabetes, is associated with low levels of insulin and obesity. The victim's body produces low or no insulin which doesn't completely work on lowering glucose level in the blood stream. The study work also explains that genetic factors can play a part in carrying diabetes type 2 to the offspring. In most cases, this research found that individuals whose parents had type two diabetes had three times chance of developing the same. Lastly, there is gestational diabetes. This one happens when the body doesn't use insulin efficiently. The study report by (American Diabetes Association, 2015) explains that gestational diabetes occurs in women during pregnancy times. Further, the study reveals that gestational diabetes does not rely on either previous diabetic history or genes. Besides, women who get gestational diabetes have higher chances of developing diabetes type 2. On the other hand, their babies may end up becoming obese when they grow up. Diabetes Statistical Data in Florida This paper will primarily rely on diabetes statistical data the state of Florida. Diabetes remains to be a severe health problem in the state of Florida. For instance, looking at Hillsborough County, their total population in 2013 counted to 1.292 million citizens. According to (CDC, 2013), in in Hillsborough County, there were 99,443 people that tested positive diabetes disease in 2013. By the look of the data between the year 2016, the deaths resulting from diabetes and its related complications counted to 302 individuals out of 100,000 people (Florida Department of Health, 2017). In particular, between 2012 and 2014, the data showed that about 34,405 people out of per 100,000 were hospitalized suffering from either diabetes or its related complications. That was the study of (Florida Department of Health, 2017). In the same gap of between 2012 and 2014, the study reported diabetes amputation statistics counting to an estimate of 346 out of 100,000 individuals. Another point to note is that despite adequate education to the public, there is a notable overall upwards trend as people transition from pre-diabetes into diabetes. The study observed that the primary cause of thismanagement development is mainly overweight issues, genetics, and noncompliance with exercise and a healthy diet plan. This study of (Florida Department of Health, 2017) recommended that Floridians must make necessary lifestyle changes. Social and Culture Effects on Diabetes Chronic diseases are closely linked to aspects of life like social and cultural backgrounds in the society. For example, some people believe that patients with type 2 diabetes have problems like high levels of stress which that affect even the way the deal with their friends. Such disease hypotheses cause these people to change their personalities, even to the extent of altering their self-identity. The work of (Watve, 2013) states that some hypothesis can even force patients to live in solitude. On the other hand, there are also some cultural beliefs with hypotheses that influence the strategies laid out for the disease management. That is, different cultures have different beliefs concerning certain diabetes symptoms, causation, treatment and other outcomes. For instance, in a country like Florida where there are different groups of people, Hispanic cultural belief would be different from African-American beliefs. For instance, Indian-American people in Florida may still hold their perception that diabetes results from unconscionable eating of sweets (Gulati, Misra, 2014). There are also other communities who believe that eating bitter herbs and vegetables can help in reducing blood sugar. All these hypotheses that may affect the disease management either positively or negatively. Following this, some studies suggest that there is a great need to understand the patient's cultural beliefs and find out whether such beliefs conflict with biomedical science. Diabetes Descriptive Epidemiologic Breakdown As discussed above, problems within the endocrine system are the primary causes of diabetes. In particular, the body either develops a resistance to insulin or it doesn't effectively use insulin. According to (American Diabetes Association, 2014), there are estimated costs of above 245 billion dollars that American people spent in the year 2012 on diagnosing diabetes. However, the study found that these costs rise due to other complications associated with diabetes. The research revealed that people with diabetes are also likely to experience other conditions like heart disease, kidney disease/failure, stroke, vision loss, amputations, in addition to deaths. In the mentioned estimates, (American Diabetes Association, 2014) found that about 1.4 million people start diabetes diagnosis every year. Looking at the age of the victims, the CDC found that the most affected people in America are adults within 20 years old or older. The CDC data between 2010 and 2012 that between that out of the total population in America, 15.9 percent of the diabetic people were American Indians and 13.2 percent were African Americans. On the side Hispanians, 12.8 of them had diabetes. Asians were 9 percent, and 7.6 percent were Caucasians (CDC, 2014). In general, diabetes has already become as a major epidemic in the world. Signs and Symptoms of Diabetes There are numerous characteristics associated with diabetes. For diabetes type 1, notable signs are polyuria, polydipsia or abnormally increased thirst, and polyphagia or abnormal excessive hunger or increased appetite (Silbert-Flagg, Sloand Millonig, 2011). These symptoms are the also called the Three P's, and they are the main signs of diabetes type 1. Other signs are bedwetting in children who never had a history of wetting their beds at night, blurred vision, irritability, weight loss, mood swings and fatigue. Type 2 diabetes has almost similar signs and symptoms to the diabetes type 1. The only difference is that in type 2, these symptoms appear slowly making them almost unnoticeable (Salvo, 2009). Nonetheless, even though diabetes type 2 is the most prevalent, there are sometimes when it shows no symptoms at all. This characteristic complicates the situations making it hard to diagnose. In (Pratley, 2013), the study explains that type 2 diabetes take years to diagnose due to those periods that it shows no symptoms. However, the study clarifies that the asymptomatic nature of type 2 diabetes leaves practitioners with only one option which is to treat it through opportunistic testing. Last is gestational diabetes. For this kind of diabetes, the patient has to undertake prenatal screenings as the only diagnostic procedure (Lavery, Friedman, Keyes, Wright Ananth, 2016). However, in (Farrar, 2016) since this condition attacks pregnant women, these people develop hyperglycemia caused by place ntal hormone secretion caused due to insulin resistance. Screening and Diagnosis There are various methods of screening patients for diabetes. One of these methods is Glycosylated hemoglobin. This test is commonly known as hemoglobin A1c or HbA1c (Florkowski, 2013). Regarding diabetes screening and diagnosis, this one is the most recommended test to all the practitioners. According to (Higgins, 2012), this test checks for the persisting levels of blood sugar in patients that have diabetes and it evaluates the patients chances of complexities. HbA1c test uses the concept of testing the blood glucose which is readily taken up by red blood cells and then reacts with hemoglobin. According to (Makris Spanou, 2011) when sugar couples with hemoglobin, they react to form glycated hemoglobin. With this, the term Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) refers to one of the glycated hemoglobin clinical tests analysis in the diagnosis and management of diabetes through a quantitative analysis called HbA1c or A1c test. The HbA1c analysis provides an index level of glucose integrated over extended periods of time (23 months). From this test, the levels of HbA1c obtained in a single specimen presents diagnostic data among diabetic patients (Makris Spanou,2011). This test shows the level of both past and current glycemic control which practitioners use to estimate the chances of future complications (Florkowski, 2013). The second screening method is the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). This one establishes the abnormal level of glucose fasting (Hage, Lundman, Rydn, Mellbin, 2013). In healthy people, it's the function of the pancreatic juice to keep a check on the glucose level to keep it within a stable concentration. In this connection, if the insulin action fails, either through lack of secretion or a malfunction, that will lead to a raised level of glucose in the bloodstream. Therefore, such an individual would require a diagnosis aimed at keeping the insulin functioning. The use of the OGTT is to define borderline levels in fasting plasma glucose. However, HbA1c is preferred over OGTT due to its simplicity, accuracy, and no need to fasting. Action Plan Against Diabetes It is of paramount that nurses and other medical practitioners to develop an action plan for diabetes. In particular, nurse practitioners should create plans for actions. For this, they may consider taking a primary, secondary, or a tertiary care involvement. When it comes to primary actions, the provider can make a plan like educating the society on primary prevention (Green, Brancati Albright, 2012). These are methods aimed at preventing the disease entirely. To accomplish this, providers can conduct forums to teach people how to avoid unsafe behaviors that can facilitate the development of diabetes. Some of the precautions are like advocating for balanced diet, minimizing stress and exercises. Secondary prevention methods are those procedures that aim at discovering the disease at its early stages. This plan of action would be almost similar to that of primary prevention, but this one will focus on enlightening the society on the ways the methods they can use to discover the disease before its signs and symptoms are apparent (Philis-Tsimikas Gallo, 2014). Notably, the goal is to stop the disease from progressing to severe complications. Therefore, the primary focus of secondary prevention methods would be to work with the patient in monitoring the blood sugar, the diet, and the exercise plan. In addition to all that, the provider would also help the patient with the medical procedures. Tertiary prevention comes where there are simple signs or even notable deterioration. In this, tertiary plans will be aiming at stopping further deterioration. On top of that, patient engagement will be a necessity in addition to coming up with a care plan. Where a care plan already existed, the provider may consider changing it (Turner Hurley, 2015). Also, nutritional guidance to the patient would be essential in this state plus exercise program. In this regard, setting up or suggesting a care group is another approach that the provider can take to help the patient adhere to the lifestyle changes. During this phase, there is certainty of medications. On this account, the medication could be either the beginning or a modification of the previous one basing the decision on the lab results and the symptoms. When thinking of a plan of care, it is necessary to include the patient in the case together with the decision-making process. By involving the patients, it will make them feel more appreciated and included in their plan, and it also helps them to comply with the decision (Turner Hurley, 2015). The consumers outcome is tremendously beneficial when the practitioner includes the consumers in the decision-making session rather than leaving them out. Community training is another method that Nurse professionals may employ. Conducting training aimed at creating awareness to the society will not only improve the community's health, but it would also simplify the work of the practitioners. Learned society can take part in assisting the nurses in the disease management and control. Also, it minimizes the costs of medication as and management since even the society can contribute to the education and prevention programs. In this case, it will substantially reduce the enormous cost of diabetes (Philis-Tsimikas Gallo, 2014). Conclusion As a nursing practitioner, it's one's role to make sure that consumers get their quality assistance while struggling to overcome diabetes complications. It is also a nurse position to educate the consumers as well as the general public to enlighten them on the current status and risk associated with diabetes. For those consumers with contingency factors for diabetes, it is also advisable that such people should take screening procedures as a way of detecting and preventing diabetes from advancing. It is worth noting that the highest number of population can prevent diabetes by engaging in exercises plans, and the same exercise procedures also work for those who need to prevent diabetes development. Also, it is good to empower the patients so that they can assist in the management of their diabetes conditions. Nurses can also enable the general public in conduction educational forums on diabetes. References Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2013). Diagnosed diabetes percentage/2013. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/pdfs/data/calculating-methods-references-county-level-estimates-ranks.pdf Florida Department of Health (2017). FL health charts: Community health and assessment resource tool set. Retrieved from https://www.flhealthcharts.com/charts/DataViewer/DeathViewer/DeathViewer.aspx?indNumber=0090 American Diabetes Association. (2015). 2. Classification and Diagnosis of Diabetes. Diabetes Care, 39(Supplement 1), S13-S22. https://dx.doi.org/10.2337/dc16-s005 Thacker, S.B., Qualters, J.R., Lee, L.M. (2012). Public healthcare surveillance in the United States: Evolution and challenges. Retrieved from: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/su6103a2.htm Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2017). Chronic disease prevention and health promotion: Statistics and tracking. Retrieved from: https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/data/index.html American Diabetes Association (2014). Statistics about diabetes. Retrieved from https://www.diabetes.org/diabetes-basics/statistics/ Florkowski, C. (2013). HbA1c as a Diagnostic Test for Diabetes Mellitus Reviewing the Evidence. The Clinical Biochemist Reviews, 34(2), 7583. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3799221/ Makris, K., Spanou, L. (2011). Is There a Relationship between Mean Blood Glucose and Glycated Hemoglobin? Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology, 5(6), 15721583. Retrieved from https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/193229681100500634 Hage, C., Lundman, P., Rydn, L., Mellbin, L. (2013). Fasting glucose, HbA1c, or oral glucose tolerance testing for the detection of glucose abnormalities in patients with acute coronary syndromes. European journal of preventive cardiology, 20(4), 549-554. Retrieved from https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/2047487312444371 Bagchi, D., Sreejayan, N. (2012). Nutritional and therapeutic interventions for diabetes and metabolic syndrome (1st ed., p. 513). Amsterdam: Elsevier/Academic Press. Farrar, D. (2016). Hyperglycemia in pregnancy: prevalence, impact, and management challenges. International Journal Of Women's Health, Volume 8, 519-527. https://dx.doi.org/10.2147/ijwh.s102117 Green, L., Brancati, F., Albright, A. (2012). Primary prevention of type 2 diabetes: integrative public health and primary care opportunities, challenges and strategies. Family Practice, 29(suppl 1), i13-i23. https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/fampra/cmr126 Higgins, T. (2012). HbA1c for screening and diagnosis of diabetes mellitus. Endocrine, 43(2), 266-273. https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12020-012-9768-y Lavery, J., Friedman, A., Keyes, K., Wright, J., Ananth, C. (2016). Gestational diabetes in the United States: temporal changes in prevalence rates between 1979 and 2010. BJOG: An International Journal Of Obstetrics Gynaecology, 124(5), 804-813. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1471-0528.14236 Philis-Tsimikas, A., Gallo, L. (2014). Implementing Community-Based Diabetes Programs: The Scripps Whittier Diabetes Institute Experience. Current Diabetes Reports, 14(2). https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11892-013-0462-0 Pratley, R. (2013). The Early Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes. The American Journal Of Medicine, 126(9), S2-S9. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2013.06.007 Psychoneuroimmunology. (2011) (4th ed., p. 1000). Rnningen, K. (2015). Environmental Trigger(s) of Type 1 Diabetes: Why So Difficult to Identify?. Biomed Research International, 2015, 1-10. https://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/321656 Salvo, S. (2009). Mosby's pathology for massage therapists (p. 208). St. Louis, Mo.: Mosby/Elsevier. Silbert-Flagg, J., Sloand, E., Millonig, V. (2011). Pediatric nurse practitioner certification review guide (p. 337). Sudbury, Mass.: Jones and Bartlett Publishers.Operations Turner, H., Hurley, J. (2015). The History and Practice of College Health (2nd ed., p. 148). Lexington: The University Press of Kentucky. Gulati, S., Misra, A. (2014). Sugar Intake, Obesity, and Diabetes in India. Nutrients, 6(12), 59555974. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu6125955 Watve, M. (2013). Doves, Diplomats, and Diabetes (p. 311). New York, NY: Springer New York.